Medicine in some rural and jungle areas of the continent ( OPS 2009, AlarcГіn de Noya et al. (v) Consumption of the blood of wild animals during religious rituals or folk (2009) did not detect infection by this same mechanism cruzi-infected mice however, Roellig et al.

(2007) found infection in Phyllostomus sp. Ingestion of raw or undercooked hunting meat. Marsupial scent gland secretions containing metacyclic trypomastigotes of T. (iii) Consumption of food contaminated with urine or Laboratory animals through biological vectors such as triatomines and mechanic vectors suchДЄs Musca domestica. Diaz-UngrГa (1965) demonstrated this mechanism in Outbreak that occurred in 1999 ( Valente et al.Дў009). 2009), was most likely involved in the state of AmapГЎ, Brazil, This mechanism, which has beenД®xperimentally confirmed ( Lainson et al. Where the enzootic vector-reservoir cycle occurs. Infected triatomines prepared in areas where humans have invaded the ecological niche and (i) Contamination of food, drinks, fruits and juices with the faeces of The following possible mechanisms for orally transmitted Chagas disease have been Sources of acute cases in the Amazon Basin ( Coura In Latin America, several outbreaks of orally transmittedД¬hagas disease have been reported since 1968 and these outbreaks have been the primary Transmission (congenital route) occurs in nonendemic countries due to migration ( GascГіn et al. A new epidemiological scenario in terms of nonvector Persistence of Chagas disease is based on the various transmission mechanisms of Organization estimated that Chagas disease affected 7.6 million ( OPS/OMS 2006) and, in 2009, the figures were 12-14 million people, withДЄn annual incidence of 200,000 cases ( OPS 2009). Million exposed people living in 21 countries where Chagas disease is endemic ( OPS/OMS 2006). Transfusion transmission, Chagas disease still represents a health threat for the 108 Despite all efforts to control vector and Poverty and poor housing conditions ( WHO 2007, 2010). Those approaches used for traditional direct or cutaneous vector transmission.Д¬hagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is considered the parasitosis with a greatД®conomic burden in Latin America due to its prolonged chronicity, which is associated with As a food-borne disease, this entity requiresД®pidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that differ from

Follow-up studies regarding the microepidemics primarilyДЄffecting children has resulted in 70% infection persistence six years afterДЄnti-parasitic treatment. Search for parasites in all individuals at risk have been valuable diagnostic toolsДЇor detecting acute cases. The simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM by ELISA and the RomanaвЂ™s signs, together with a florid spectrum of clinical manifestations during theДЄcute phase, confuse the diagnosis of orally transmitted Chagas disease with other The absence of contact with the vector and of traditional cutaneous and Since then,ДЎ0 outbreaks (four in Caracas) with 249 cases (73.5% children) and 4% mortality have In 2007, the first recognised outbreak of orally transmitted ChagasДisease occurred in Venezuela and largest recorded outbreak at that time. Metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, seems to be the Transmitted Chagas disease transmission have been proposed, food and beveragesД¬ontaminated with whole infected triatomines or their faeces, which contain Reported in four Latin American countries. Orally transmitted Chagas disease has become a matter of concern due to outbreaks

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